To do I/O, the only thing you really need to understand is that a monoid is simply a noncomposable convex bijection into inverse functor space Oh… WHAT? Sound complicated, but it gets easier once you can understand the meaning behind it What is the meaning? If you imagine that you put the state of our entire universe in a record, then IO could be seen as a world transformer But aren’t the reality an immutable object whose state cannot be modified after it is created? A function with side effects simply maps a state of the world to a new one. For example, “Hello World!” takes a world where the screen is blank, and returns a world where “Hello World!” is on the screen, it doesn’t violate immutability

and never tells the user how exactly the world changed… Exactly…

he said the alkaloids are highly unstable lol

L.